Stefan Pfenninger-Lee

I am an Associate Professor of Sustainable Energy Systems at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management at TU Delft. My research focuses on understanding the technical, economic, environmental, and political trade-offs between different possible ways to build a 100% clean and renewable energy system.

You can reach me by email. Are you a student interested in working with me? See the group page.

Spotlight: Understandable modelling with modular building blocks

Energy system models are assumption-based representations of complex systems, making validation impractical. Post-normal science suggests instead a focus on communicating values and uncertainties. Open energy modelling can support this by breaking models into manageable parts. Collaboration on these components (whether code or data) would simplify and accelerate model development, while improving accessibility and understandability for users. → Pfenninger (2024), Progress in Energy.


Recent publications

  • Examining Pathways for a Climate Neutral Europe by 2050; A Model Comparison Analysis Including Integrated Assessment Models and Energy System Models. Efstratios Mikropoulos, Mark Roelfsema, Hsing-Hsuan Chen, Iain Staffell, Gabriel Oreggioni, Dan Hdidouan, Jakob Zinck Thellufsen, Miguel Antonio Chang, Panagiotis Fragkos, Anastasis Giannousakis, Souran Chatterjee, Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Stefan Pfenninger, Bryn Pickering, Marta Victoria, Tom Brown, Detlef P. van Vuuren. (2025). Energy. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.134809
  • Human-in-the-Loop MGA to Generate Energy System Design Options Matching Stakeholder Needs. Francesco Lombardi and Stefan Pfenninger. (2025). PLOS Climate. doi: 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000560
  • Electricity- and Hydrogen-Driven Energy System Sector-Coupling in Net-Zero CO2 Emission Pathways. Bob van der Zwaan, Amir Fattahi, Francesco Dalla Longa, Mark Dekker, Detlef van Vuuren, Robert Pietzcker, Renato Rodrigues, Felix Schreyer, Daniel Huppmann, Johannes Emmerling, Stefan Pfenninger, Francesco Lombardi, Panagiotis Fragkos, Maria Kannavou, Theofano Fotiou, Giannis Tolios, Will Usher. (2025). Nature Communications. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-56365-0

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