Stefan Pfenninger-Lee

I am an Associate Professor of Sustainable Energy Systems at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management at TU Delft. My research focuses on understanding the technical, economic, environmental, and political trade-offs between different possible ways to build a 100% clean and renewable energy system.

You can reach me by email. Are you a student interested in working with me? See the group page.

Spotlight: Understandable modelling with modular building blocks

Energy system models are assumption-based representations of complex systems, making validation impractical. Post-normal science suggests instead a focus on communicating values and uncertainties. Open energy modelling can support this by breaking models into manageable parts. Collaboration on these components (whether code or data) would simplify and accelerate model development, while improving accessibility and understandability for users. → Pfenninger (2024), Progress in Energy.


Recent publications

  • The Optimal Is Not Always the Best: Life Cycle Impacts of near-Optimal Energy Systems. Alexander de Tomás-Pascual, Laura À. Pérez-Sánchez, Miquel Sierra-Montoya, Francesco Lombardi, Stefan Pfenninger-Lee, Inês Campos, Cristina Madrid-López. (2025). Applied Energy. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.126487
  • Rarely Pure and Never Simple: Exploring Perceptions of Truth and Objectivity in Energy Modelling and Scenarios. Franziska Bock and Stefan Pfenninger-Lee. (2025). Energy Research & Social Science. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2025.104229
  • Open Models Are Not Enough. Advancing Energy System Modelling Towards Practical Usefulness. Francesco Lombardi, Diana Süsser, Frauke Wiese, Johan Lilliestam, Stefan Pfenninger. (2025). Modelling the Energy Transition: Cultures, Visions, Narratives. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-69031-0_9

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