Stefan Pfenninger-Lee
I am an Associate Professor of Sustainable Energy Systems at the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management at TU Delft. My research focuses on understanding the technical, economic, environmental, and political trade-offs between different possible ways to build a 100% clean and renewable energy system. You can reach me by email. Are you a student interested in working with me? See MSc thesis topics.
Latest post: Land conservation and large-scale renewable energy are simultaneously possible in Brazil
21 Nov 2025
Brazil’s push towards net-zero emissions relies heavily on land-hungry renewables: biofuels, solar and wind all compete for space with globally vital ecosystems. Using Brazil-Calliope, a high-resolution, spatially explicit energy system model, we show that a cost-effective, large-scale renewable energy system is possible while fully protecting priority conservation areas. Relocating generation away from these areas raises system costs by only 0.1–4% depending on the scenario, and freeing them up for restoration could enable an additional 770 million tons of annual CO2 sequestration. The vast majority of land conversion involved in this comes from pasture and soy plantations rather than natural vegetation, and degraded pasture lands in particular are prime candidates for re-forestation. Overall, we find that smart spatial planning can reconcile Brazil’s renewable energy transition with its stewardship of biodiversity. → Borba, de Sousa and Pfenninger (2025), One Earth.
Showcase: a selection of recent work from our group
Research paper
Modelling energy system transition pathways over many decades introduces distinct methodological pitfalls. This study maps those challenges and how modelling choices shape the optimal pathways that emerge.
Ivan Ruiz Manuel, Meijun Chen, Francesco Lombardi, Stefan Pfenninger-Lee (2026). Optimising for the Long Game: Methodological Challenges in Energy System Optimisation Pathways. Applied Energy. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127980
Research paper
Less affluent European countries may need substantial household-level financing to support their heating transition and to diversify their net-zero energy technology choices.
Meijun Chen, Francesco Sanvito, Jan Kwakkel, Stefan Pfenninger-Lee (2026). Accounting for Economic Disparity in Designing Net-Zero European Energy Systems. Environmental Research: Energy. doi: 10.1088/2753-3751/ae6b8f
Research paper
Brazil can achieve deep decarbonization through the strategic expansion of wind, solar, and biofuels, while simultaneously protecting conservation areas and promoting reforestation, to benefit both climate and biodiversity.
Paula Conde Santos Borba, Wilson Cabral de Sousa, Stefan Pfenninger (2025). Land Conservation and Large-Scale Renewable Energy Systems Are Simultaneously Possible in Brazil. One Earth. doi: 10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101520
Research spotlight